Protein Requirements and Nutrition

Protein Requirements and Nutrition AYUSH SAXENA Proteins in nutrition For every physical activity, the body requires energy and the amount depends on the duration and type of activity. Energy is measured in Calories and is obtained from the body stores or the food we eat. Glycogen is the main source of fuel used by the muscles to enable you to undertake both aerobic and anaerobic exercise. If you train with low glycogen stores, you will feel constantly tired, training performance will be lower and you will be more prone to injury and illness. Nutrient Balance Carefully planned nutrition must provide an energy balance and a nutrient balance. The nutrients are: Proteins essential to growth and repair of muscle and other body tissues Fats one source of energy and important in relation to fat soluble vitamins Carbohydrates our main source of energy Minerals those inorganic elements occurring in the body and which are critical to its normal functions Vitamins water and fat soluble  vitamins  play important roles in many chemical processes in the body Water essential to normal body function as a vehicle for carrying other nutrients and because 60% of the human body is water Roughage the fibrous indigestible portion of our diet essential to health of the  digestive system One gram of protein or carbohydrate contains 4 calories, while one gram of fat has 9 calories. Protein Quality: Nutritive Value The quality of protein depends on the level at which it provides the nutritional amounts of essential amino acids needed for overall body health, maintenance, and growth. Animal proteins, such as eggs, cheese, milk, meat, and fish, are consideredhigh-quality,orcomplete, proteinsbecause they provide sufficient amounts of the essential amino acids. Plant proteins, such as grain, corn, nuts, vegetables and fruits, arelower-quality,orincomplete, proteinsbecause many plant proteins lack one or more of the essential amino acids, or because they lack a proper balance of amino acids. Incomplete proteins can, however, be combined to provide all the essential amino acids, though combinations of incomplete proteins must be consumed at the same time, or within a short period of time (within four hours), to obtain the maximum nutritive value from the amino acids. Such combination diets generally yield a high-quality protein meal, providing sufficient amounts and proper balance of the essential am ino acids needed by the body to function. The function of proteins In virtually every biological process proteins are playing a role. Some of the main functions of proteins in the human body are to: Build, strengthen and repair/replace things, such as tissue. Examples include keratin (strengthens protective coverings, such as hair), collagen and elastin (both provide support for connective tissue). Make antibodies for our immune system Make hormones, which help cells send messages and coordinate bodily activities Muscle contractions actin and myosin, two types of proteins, are involved in muscle contraction and movement. Make enzymes. An enzyme facilitates a biochemical reaction. Carry things hemoglobin, a protein, transports oxygen through the blood. Mediate cell response rhodopsin is a protein in the eye which is used for vision Store things ferritin is a protein which stores iron in the liver Recent developments on protein function. High protein diets may help promote weight loss.  The International Food Council Foundation found that a high percentage of women who eat more protein do not only avoid weight gain, but also report weight loss. A high protein diet may be good for bone health.  An investigation published in theJournal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, revealed that a calorie controlled diet lower in carbohydrates and higher in protein along with daily exercise has a significantly positive impact on bone health in overweight individuals as well as obese young women. Energy provision. Protein is not a significant source of energy for the body when there are sufficient amounts of  carbohydrates  and fats available, nor is protein a storable energy, as in the case of fats and carbohydrates. However, if insufficient amounts of carbohydrates and fats are ingested, protein is used for energy needs of the body. The use of protein for energy is not necessarily economical for the body, because tissue maintenance, growth, and repair are compromised to meet energy needs. If taken in excess, protein can be converted into body fat. Protein yields as much usable energy as carbohydrates, which is 4 kcal/gm (kilocalories per gram). Although not the main source of usable energy, protein provides the essential amino acids that are needed for adenine, the nitrogenous base of ATP, as well as other nitrogenous substances, such as creatine phosphate (nitrogen is an essential element for important compounds in the body). Dietary requirements of protein Nobody seems to agree on how much protein we can eat; experts from industry, government agencies, diet companies and nutritional organizations have a varying list of assertions. An individuals daily protein requirement depends on several factors, including: Age a growing childs needs will not be the same as an individual aged 80 years Sex males generally require more protein than (non-pregnant or non-breastfeeding) females Weight an individual who weighs 200lbs will require more protein compared to somebody who weighs 120lbs. In fact, recent studies indicate that weight matters more than age when determining dietary protein requirements. Muscular exertion an individual who earns his living delivering pianos will require more protein than a computer programmer of the same age and height Muscle mass a muscle-bound weight trainer will need more dietary protein than a marathon runner Health a person who is convalescing after an illness or medical procedure may need more dietary protein than other people Protein Requirement and Nutrition The recommended protein intake for an average adult is generally based on body size: 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight is the generally recommended daily intake. The recommended daily allowances of protein do not vary in times of strenuous activities or exercise, or with progressing age. However, there is a wide range of protein intake which people can consume according to their period of development. For example, the recommended allowance for an infant up to six months of age, who is undergoing a period of rapid tissue growth, is 2.2 grams per kilogram. For children ages seven through ten, the recommended daily allowance is around 36 total grams, depending on body weight. Pregnant women need to consume an additional 30 grams of protein above the average adult intake for the nourishment of the developing fetus. Percentage of energy that should come from protein: Infants (7 12 mo) 11 grams per day Infants (0 6 mo) 9.1 grams per day Teenage boys (14 18 y) 52 grams per day Teenage girls (14 18 y) up to 46 grams per day Adult men approximately 56 grams per day Adult women approximately 46 grams per day Pregnant or lactating (breastfeeding) women about 71 grams per day According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention protein intake should be: Children ages 1 to 3 13 grams per day Children ages 4 to 8 19 grams per day Children ages 9 to 13 34 grams per day Girls ages 14 to 18 46 grams per day Boys ages 14 to 18 52 grams per day Women ages 19 to 70+ 46 grams per day Men ages 19 to 70+ 56 grams per day Protein deficiency In some developing countries protein deficiency is a major cause of illness and premature death. Protein deficiency can lead to mental retardation and reduced IQ, In most parts of the world where protein deficiency is common, total food energy consumption is also too low i.e. people are not getting enough food in general. Protein deficiency can lead to: Growth problems Wasting and shrinkage of muscle tissue Apathy Diarrhea Fatty liver Swollen belly Swollen legs Anemia Weaker immune system, leading to a higher susceptibility to infections and diseases In several countries where protein deficiency is a serious problem, the leaves and other parts of the Moringa tree can help provide dietary protein. In developed countries, especially Western Europe where the dietary requirements of poorer people are very carefully monitored and resolved, protein deficiency is quite rare. In developed nations, protein deficiency is more likely to occur among people on crash diets, or among very elderly individuals who do not eat properly. Sources of dietary protein Poultry Fish and fish eggs Insects Dairy products Seeds and nuts Soya products Eggs Grains, vegetables and legumes also have protein (less per kilo of total weight) Meat Amino acids Proteins are large molecules made up of long chains of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The biochemical activity of proteins is characterised by their individual structure, size and shape. These factors are determined by the sequence and characteristics of the constituent amino acids. There are about 20 different amino acids commonly found in plant and animal proteins. For adults, 8 of these, have to be provided in the diet and are therefore defined as ‘essential’ or ‘indispensable’ amino acids. These are: Leucine Isoleucine Valine Threonine Methionine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Lysine. In children, arginine, histidine, cysteine, glycine, tyrosine, glutamine and proline are also considered to be essential (indispensable) amino acids, because children are unable to make enough to meet their needs. These are referred to as ‘conditionally’ essential. There may also be certain disease states during adult life when a particular amino acid becomes conditionally essential. The other amino acids do not have to be provided by the diet. This is because the amino group of these amino acids can be transferred to another amino acid with a different amino group by a process called transamination. In this way the body is able to make some amino acids itself. These are known as ‘non-essential’ or ‘dispensable’ amino acids. How much protein should we eat? The Dietary Reference Values for protein are based on estimates of need. For adults, an average requirement of 0.6g of protein per kilogram bodyweight per day is estimated. The Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) is set at 0.75g of protein per kilogram bodyweight per day in adults. This equates to approximately 56g/day and 45g/day for men and women aged 19-50 years respectively. There is an extra requirement for growth in infants and children and for pregnant and breast feeding women. Any excess protein can be used to provide energy. 1g of protein provides 17kJ (4 kcal) but carbohydrate, and to a lesser extent fat, should be the main sources of dietary energy. At present, protein provides around 16% of energy on average in the British diet. The nature of protein in the diet Most foods contain either animal or plant cells and will therefore naturally contain protein. But the processing of foods may change the amounts and relative proportions of some amino acids; for example the Maillard reaction and the associated browning that occurs when foods are baked reduces the available lysine. The quality of the protein is also important and depends on the amino acids that are present. Proteins from animal sources have a higher biological value than proteins from plant sources. This is because the pattern of amino acids in animal cells is comparable to the pattern in human cells. Plant foods may have very different patterns of amino acids compared to animal proteins, and, in the past, this difference has lead to a concept of first-class and second-class proteins, for animal and plant foods respectively. However, diets are typically varied in the UK and rarely made up of single foods. A combination of plant proteins tends to have a complementary effect boosting th eir overall biological value. Complementary action of proteins (plant protein) In most diets, different proteins tend to complement each other in their amino acid pattern, so when two foods providing vegetable protein are eaten at a meal, such as a cereal (e.g. bread) andpulses (e.g. baked beans), the amino acids of one protein may compensate for the limitations of the other, resulting in a combination of higher biological value. This is known as the complementary action of proteins. Thus if vegetarians and vegans eat a variety of vegetable proteins in combination, there is no reason why the quality of protein cannot be as good as in a diet comprising meat, milk, fish, eggs or other foods that contain animal protein. Good sources of plant protein include nuts, seeds, pulses, mycoprotein and soya products. There are also small amounts in grains. Animal protein Protein from animal sources contains the full range of essential amino acids required from an adult’s diet. Sources include meat, fish, eggs, milk and cheese. For most of us, low fat options of these foods are preferable as some can be high in saturated fat. Good sources of protein Table 1: Protein content of some common foods found in the diet Adults and children should consume two to three servings of protein every day. If plant sources dominate, it is important to make sure that different types are consumed. One typical portion size equates to: †¢ 100g of lean boneless meat (red and poultry) †¢ 140g of fish †¢ 2 medium eggs †¢ 3 tablespoons of seeds or nuts. It is important to choose lower fat protein-rich foods, such as lean meats or reduced fat dairy productsas some high protein foods can also be high in saturated fat. This will help minimise the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Summary and recommendations For basic protein synthesis, you don’t need to consume more than 1.4 to 2.0 g/kg (around 0.64-0.9 g/lb) of protein per day. Nevertheless, consuming higher levels of protein (upwards of 1g per pound of body weight) may help you feel satisfied after eating as well as maintain a healthy body composition and good immune function. You should consume some protein before and after training to ensure adequate recovery. Do not eat more than four eggs per week. Although they are a good source of protein and are low in saturated fat, eggs are very high in cholesterol.

Sample Statement of Purpose

I introduce myself as a student of the undergraduate program in Computer Science and Engineering at CVR College of Engineering affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (Hyderabad). I use this opportunity to elucidate my career objectives and give in quintessence of my educational background. My Educational Background and academic achievements: Since my school days, I have been interested in Mathematics and physical sciences. My scholastic record has been meritorious right through school and higher secondary education. With my propensity towards Mathematics and physics, I chose Mathematics-Physics-Chemistry as my group for post-secondary education. I was placed in the top 3% of nearly 200,000 enthusiastic students in the entrance examination for Engineering. This performance helped me in getting admission in to CVR College of Engineering, one of the top institutions for engineering in Andhra Pradesh, India. My fascination for engineering was from an early stage though not a conscious one. There have been doers because there have been dreamers, in our dreams we see not what is, but what can be. It is with such dreams and visions that today we stand at the milestone of success. The sweeping changes in the Technological world and Computers have made the role of computer science engineer a really indispensable one. It has been my deepest desire to be a part of this rapidly burgeoning community. My strong penchant towards programming languages like C which was taught in our high school and also the versatility of the Computers and my basic interest in the field of programming motivated me to take Computer Science and Engineering as my major in undergraduate program. My years as an undergraduate student have influenced me the most. Academically I have matured a lot during this period. It was here that I understood the need to put theory into practice and most importantly to innovate in face of immense hurdles. During the course of study, my encounters with Software engineering, Software testing methodologies and Software Project Management have been extremely enlightening. The joy of learning these subjects under excellent professors is unsurpassable. My inclination towards graduate studies gained foot during my second year of under graduation, during which many of the people told me about the opportunities we have by doing masters and the research programs offered by the universities. Why to Pursue M. S.? Excellence in any sphere of life can be achieved through determination, hard work, perseverance and dedication. Yet, lack of in-depth knowledge of the subject leaves the conceptual skills incomplete. The nature of undergraduate courses does not offer scope for individual expression and rapidly advancing technology necessitates mastery of particular area. It is in this contest I would like to pursue a course that not only supplements the knowledge that I possess but also provides a strong foundation to my research oriented study. In my graduate program my goal is to expand my mental horizons, detailed understanding of latest tools and technologies adopted by engineering, with the time. I also want to learn technical, managerial as well as behavioral aspects of the field to work in higher positions. I strongly feel that master’s program will inculcate a strong quality assurance and testing component in my knowledge, so as to raise the level of excellence in my work. I came to know that an academic experience is must-to-have component for growth in global field of software engineering, as well as to make a mark in professional career. From use of sophisticated tools to advanced theories, MS teaches me all that I need to know to enhance my academic experience and qualification. Why Software Engineering? In my undergraduate studies, I have benefited from the breadth of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University’s syllabi content that has given me a comprehensive exposure to the core areas of Computer Science and a strong conceptual understanding of the same. In these three and half years of study, I have strived to maintain an approach of expending independent effort in all my endeavors. Learning by myself and sharing my knowledge with others has been most worthwhile, when comprehending a concept. My interest in Software Engineering arouse when I was in my second year of under graduation. I believe that Software Engineering is the application of disciplined, systematic approach to the operation, development and maintenance of software. The discipline of software engineering that increased my interest towards this field is it covers tools, knowledge and methods to define software requirements and to perform computer programming, software design, user interface design, software maintenance tasks and software testing . As Software engineering encompasses the knowledge from different fields like computer engineering, computer science, mathematics, testing methodologies, quality management, project management etc I came to a conclusion that career in software engineering can be very rewarding as there is demand for software engineers across the industries. Why your University? The selection of the right university by the candidate is as important as the selection of the right candidate by the university. Having to choose a university that is suitable to my ambition is a major decision, one which can’t be taken in haste. To achieve my objectives, I feel that the choice of University is of critical importance. Information from faculty here at the college, my seniors and perusal of the University web-site, I have inferred that your University provides excellent research activities and balanced academic program which is conducive to my study. I feel that I can realize my aspirations that I have nurtured along. As a part of your family of students, I have to imbibe the best of what you offer, extend the breadth of knowledge. In conclusion, I hope that I will be given chance to realize my objectives by granting admission in your esteemed and distinguished University. I am confident that with my academic standards and strong motivation, zeal, positive attitude and with the aid of your graduate program, I will be able to make a significant contribution to the research endeavors at the University. I take this opportunity to request for suitable financial assistance from the department and college.

Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, and a Healthy Gross...

Economic Health/Fiscal Policies and Federal Reserve/Monetary Policies Paper Understanding Gross Domestic product is central for understanding the business cycle and the progression of long-run economic growth (Hubbard O’Brien, 2011, p. 631). The GDP is defined as the value-added of all goods and services produced in a given period of time within the United States (2008). The GDP is widely used as an gauge economic wellness and health of the country. What the GDP represents has a hefty impact on nearly everyone within our economy. As an example, when the economy is healthy, you will usually see wage increases and low unemployment as businesses demand labor to meet the increasing economy. The government has two types of economic†¦show more content†¦Non-economic reasons can include factors such as drought, war, man-made and natural disasters. When the economy expands: unemployment decreases, inflation begins to increase and the real GDP rises. In contrast, when the economy contracts: unemployment increases, inflation decreases and the GDP falls. Role of Government Bodies in Determining National Fiscal Policies Fiscal policy is the use of a government’s taxing, debt, and spending authority for the purpose of influencing economic growth. Congress and the president share responsibility for economic policy with the Federal Reserve (Hubbard O’Brien, 2011, p. 929). The government can influence macroeconomic productivity levels by increasing or decreasing tax levels and public spending (Hubbard O’Brien, 2011). The government uses fiscal policy to make changes in government purchases and taxes, to achieve policy goals. The price level and the levels Gross Domestic Product and total employment in the economy rely on the collective demand and short term aggregate supply. The government can both aggregate demand and collective supply through fiscal policy (Hubbard O’Brien, 2011, p. 900). Fiscal policies can influence the economy’s production and employment. For example, since the government controls the central bank, it may be tempted right before an election to increase the money supply and drive down interest rates to increase production andShow MoreRelatedThe Great Recession Of 20081691 Words   |  7 Pagesalong with the changes in fiscal and monetary policies. Furthermore, many economists believe that the increase of excess monetary and government irresponsibility led to the overall crisis in the mid to late 2000’s. Some economists believe that the oversupply of monetary contributed to the 2008 crisis due to low interest rate targets that were substantially below the monetary requirement. 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A Man With Good Standards - 864 Words

A Committed Man Louis Weldon, a man with good standards, has done a lot for other people within the community. He attends the Alcoholic Anonymous meetings for recovering alcoholic and drug addicts. Twelve years of sobriety is what Mr. Louis has to show for the ones that are in need of his help. The A.A. meetings are where a lot of the members come to him for help or look up to him as a mentor. Mr. Louis tries to lead people in the right direction after they have reached the darkest place in their life. Many people come to him because he is a model that things will get better, and they can overcome their addiction. â€Å"There are not any leaders in A.A., I’m a servant for the people†, he says. As a witness, he is a prime example of a great leader. I had the wonderful pleasure of interviewing Mr. Louis about his huge role within the community. He loved talking about helping others and everything he will do to see a person happy and doing well. We had the interview inside the A.A. house, two hours before the meeting started, with no one else around. To get things started, Mr. Louis commented that the reason he got involved with the A.A. meetings is because, â€Å"I am an alcoholic and a drug addict, and I joined the program to get help myself.† When asked, â€Å"What are the challenges of being a leader in the Alcoholics Anonymous meetings?† He made it very clear that â€Å"There are no leaders in A.A., only trusted servants.† Mr. Louis also states, â€Å"The biggest challenge is getting the messageShow MoreRelatedWalter White Was A Good Man By American Society s Standards940 Words   |  4 Pagesposted a caricature that depicted a cop speaking with an inmate saying â€Å"I am neither a good cop nor a bad cop, Jerome. Like yourself, I am a complex amalgam of positive and negative personality traits that emerge or not, depending on the circumstances† (Stevens, 2007). 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